SISTEMA DE TRANSPORTES E DESENVOLVIMENTO DO TURISMO NO MUNICÍPIO DE XAI-XAI, MOÇAMBIQUE
Palavras-chave:
Sistema de transportes, turismo, planeamento do território, Município de Xai-Xai
Resumo
A avaliação dos factores determinantes do turismo, varia de acordo com a fase de desenvolvimento de cada área turística, onde as ponderações tendem a ser mais positivas em áreas consolidadas e mais negativas em áreas com um desenvolvimento ainda incipiente. A partir do modelo de evolução da área turística de Miossec, o artigo analisa o papel dos transportes públicos no desenvolvimento do turismo no Município de Xai-Xai no que diz respeito a mobilidade turística, avaliada pela experiência do visitante, e implicações territoriais relacionadas com o planeamento do turismo e dos transportes. Com base na pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, exploratória e de campo realizada a uma amostra aleatória simples composta por 78 turistas, constatou-se que os transportes públicos desempenham um papel marginal na mobilidade turística no Município de Xai-Xai, uma vez que mais de 70% dos turistas viajam de carro particular/privado. De acordo com o modal mais utilizado (sistema terrestre), as estradas urbanas e os transportes rodoviários oferecem qualidades razoáveis. As avaliações negativas recaíram na sinalização rodoviária, sinalização turística, conectividade-distância-paragem-alternativas e parques de estacionamento. Embora a estrutura dos equipamentos turísticos, da atitude dos turistas e do contexto das políticas públicas seja caracterizada por apresentar fases divergentes, o modelo de Miossec classifica o sistema de transportes do Município de Xai-Xai na sua segunda fase (Multiplicação).
Referências
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ALBALATE, D. & BEL, G. Tourism and urban public transport: Holding demand pressure under supply constraints. Tourism Management, v. 31, p.425-433, 2010.
ALMADA, J. A. B. de. Lugar Turístico e Território Usado: contribuições teóricas ao estudo do Turismo a partir da Geografia de Milton Santos. InterEspaço, v. 4, n. 15, p.197-221, 2018.
BIEGER, T. & WITTMER, A. Air transport and tourism - Perspectives and challenges for destinations, airlines and governments. Journal of Air Transport Management, v. 12, p.40-46, 2006.
BRIDA, J. G. et al. Tourism and transport systems in mountain environments: analysis of the economic efficiency of cableways in South Tyrol. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 36, p.1-11, 2014.
BUONGIORNO, A. & INTINI, M. Sustainable tourism and mobility development in natural protected areas: Evidence from Apulia. Land Use Policy, v. 101, p.1-14, 2021.
CAVALLARO, F. et al. Policy Strategies for the Mitigation of GHG Emissions caused by the Mass-Tourism Mobility in Coastal Areas. Transportation Research Procedia, v. 27, p.317-324, 2017.
CAVALLARO, F. et al. A tool to support transport decision making in tourist coastal areas. Case Studies on Transport Policy, v. 7, p.540-553, 2019.
CAVALLARO, F. & DIANIN, A. Cross-border public transport as a driver for tourism in the Alps. Transportation Research Procedia, v. 48, p.2446-2461, 2020.
CHEW, J. Transport and tourism in the year 2000. Tourism Management, june, 1987.
CONSELHO MUNICIPAL DA CIDADE DE XAI-XAI - CMCXX. Plano Estratégico do Município da Cidade de Xai-Xai 2009-2019. Xai-Xai, novembro de 2009.
CONSELHO MUNICIPAL DA CIDADE DE XAI-XAI - CMCXX. Plano de Estrutura Urbana do Município da Cidade de Xai-Xai: Diagnóstico Actual. Xai-Xai, abril de 2011.
COSTA, T. F. G. et al. A model to identify airport hubs and their importance to tourism in Brazil. Research in Transportation Economics, v. 26, p.3-11, 2010.
CURRIE, C. & FALCONER, P. Maintaining sustainable island destinations in Scotland: The role of the transport–tourism relationship. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, v. 3, p.162-172, 2014.
DAVENPORT, J & DAVENPORT, J. L. The impact of tourism and personal leisure transport on coastal environments: A review. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 67, p.280-292, 2006.
DICKINSON, J. & ROBBINS, D. Representations of tourism transport problems in a rural destination. Tourism Management, v. 29, p.1110-1121, 2008.
DI GIACOBBE, B. et al. Mountain cycle network as enhancer of sustainable economic post-earthquake development in the central Apennines area. Research in Transportation Business & Management, v. 40, n.100579, p.1-15, 2021.
DIMITRIOS, D. J. et al. Quantification of the air transport industry socio-economic impact on regions heavily depended on tourism. Transportation Research Procedia, v. 25, p.5242-5254, 2017.
DUBOIS, G. et al. The future tourism mobility of the world population: Emission growth versus climate policy. Transportation Research Part A, v. 45, p.1031-1042, 2011.
FLICK, U. Desenho da pesquisa qualitativa. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2009.
GRONAU, W. & KAGERMEIER, A. Key factors for successful leisure and tourism public transport provision. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 15, p.127-135, 2007.
HALL, D. R. Conceptualising tourism transport: inequality and externality issues. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 7, p.181-188, 1999.
HALL, C. M. et al. Tourism, public transport and sustainable mobility. Bristol: Channel View, 2017.
HANNAM, K. et al. Developments and key issues in tourism mobilities. Annals of Tourism Research, v. 44, p.171-185, 2014.
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA - INE. IV Recenseamento Geral da população e Habitação 2017: Resultados Definitivos. Maputo, abril de 2019.
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA - INE. Estatísticas do Turismo 2019 - Moçambique. Maputo, abril de 2020.
KANWAL, S. et al. Road and transport infrastructure development and community support for tourism: The role of perceived benefits, and community satisfaction. Tourism Management, v. 77, p.1-10, 2020.
KHADAROO, J. & SEETANAH, B. Transport infrastructure and tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, v. 34, n. 4, p.1021-1032, 2007.
KHADAROO, J. & SEETANAH, B. The role of transport infrastructure in international tourism development: A gravity model approach. Tourism Management, v. 29, p.831-840, 2008.
KHAN, S. A. R. et al. Travel and tourism competitiveness index: The impact of air transportation, railways transportation, travel and transport services on international inbound and outbound tourism. Journal of Air Transport Management, v. 58, p.125-134, 2017.
KORMOSS, I. B. F. Future developments in North-West European tourism: Impact of transport trends. Tourism Management, v. 10, n. 4, p.301-309, 1989.
LAN, L. W. et al. Exploring an Objective Weighting System for Travel & Tourism Pillars. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, v. 57, p.183-192, 2012.
LOHMANN, G e PANOSSO Neto, A. Teoria do turismo: conceitos, modelos e sistemas. 2ª ed. São Paulo: Aleph, 2012.
ŁAPKO, A. Urban tourism in Szczecin and its impact on the functioning of the urban transport system. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, v. 151, p.207-214, 2014.
ŁAPKO, A. & PANASIUK, A. Water tourism as a recipient of transport services on the example of Szczecin. Transportation Research Procedia, v. 39, p.290-299, 2019.
MARTÍN-CEJAS, R. R. & SÁNCHEZ, P. P. Ecological footprint analysis of road transport related to tourism activity: The case for Lanzarote Island. Tourism Management, v. 31, p.98-103, 2010.
MIOSSEC J. M. Elements pour une theorie de l’éspace touristique. Les Chahiers du Tourisme C-36. CHET, Aix-en-Province: Mintel, 1976.
MIOSSEC J. M. Un modele de l’espace touristique. Espace géographique, tome 6, n.1, p.41-48, 1977.
MOESCH, M. A produção do saber turístico. São Paulo: Contexto, 2000.
NJOYA, E. T. An analysis of the tourism and wider economic impacts of price-reducing reforms in air transport services in Egypt. Research in Transportation Economics, v. 79, p.1-10, 2020.
PAPATHEODOROU, A. A review of research into air transport and tourism: Launching the Annals of Tourism Research Curated Collection on Air Transport and Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, v. 87, p.1-10, 2021.
PEARCE, D. Geografia do turismo: fluxos e regiões no mercado de viagens. SP: Aleph, 2003.
PEARCE, D. Tourist development. New York: Longman Scientific & Technical, 1989.
PEARCE, D. & BUTLER R. Contemporary issues in tourism development. London: Routledge, 1999.
PEETERS, P. & DUBOIS, G. Tourism travel under climate change mitigation constraints. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 18, p.447-457, 2010.
PENTELOW, L. & SCOTT, D. J. Aviation’s inclusion in international climate policy regimes: Implications for the Caribbean tourism industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, v. 17, p.199-205, 2011.
PEQUENO, E. A. et al. Sistema de transporte rodoviário e turismo: uma análise na região turística do Vale dos Grandes Rios -TO. Revista de Turismo Contemporâneo –RTC, v. 4, n. 2, p.331-352, julho/dezembro, 2016.
PLYUSHTEVA, A. & BOUSSAUW, K. Does night-time public transport contribute to inclusive night mobility? Exploring Sofia’s night bus network from a gender perspective. Transport Policy, v. 87, p.41-50, 2020.
ROMAN, M. & ROMAN, M. Bicycle Transport as an Opportunity to Develop Urban Tourism – Warsaw Example. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, v. 151, p.295-301, 2014.
SCHIEFELBUSCH, M et al. Transport and tourism: roadmap to integrated planning developing and assessing integrated travel chains. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 15, p.94-103, 2007.
TURTON, B. J. & MUTAMBIRWA, C. C. Air transport services and the expansion of international tourism in Zimbabwe. Tourism Management, v. 17, n. 6. p.453-462,1996.
VIEIRA, J. et al. Airline choice and tourism growth in the Azores. Journal of Air Transport Management, v. 77, p.1-6, 2019.
WU, C. How aviation deregulation promotes international tourism in Northeast Asia: A case of the charter market in Japan. Journal of Air Transport Management, v. 57, p.260-271, 2016.
WU, C. et al. Changes in cross-strait aviation policies and their impact on tourism flows since 2009. Transport Policy, v. 63, p.61-72, 2018.
YANG, B. et al. Soft-mobility in a winter-dominant city: A case study by comparing Nordic and non-Nordic residents in Umeå. Cities, v. 102, p.1-11, 2020.
YARDE, K. & JONSSON, C. Implications for CARICOM member states in the search for a ‘liberally controlled’ air transport market: The case of regional tourism to Barbados. Journal of Air Transport Management, v. 53, pp. p.12-22, 2016.
ZHANG, A. et al. High-speed rail, tourist mobility, and firm value. Economic Modelling, v. 90, p.108-116, 2020.
ZHENG, W. et al. Navigating through the complex transport system: A heuristic approach for city tourism recommendation. Tourism Management, v. 81, p.1-14, 2020.
ALBALATE, D. & BEL, G. Tourism and urban public transport: Holding demand pressure under supply constraints. Tourism Management, v. 31, p.425-433, 2010.
ALMADA, J. A. B. de. Lugar Turístico e Território Usado: contribuições teóricas ao estudo do Turismo a partir da Geografia de Milton Santos. InterEspaço, v. 4, n. 15, p.197-221, 2018.
BIEGER, T. & WITTMER, A. Air transport and tourism - Perspectives and challenges for destinations, airlines and governments. Journal of Air Transport Management, v. 12, p.40-46, 2006.
BRIDA, J. G. et al. Tourism and transport systems in mountain environments: analysis of the economic efficiency of cableways in South Tyrol. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 36, p.1-11, 2014.
BUONGIORNO, A. & INTINI, M. Sustainable tourism and mobility development in natural protected areas: Evidence from Apulia. Land Use Policy, v. 101, p.1-14, 2021.
CAVALLARO, F. et al. Policy Strategies for the Mitigation of GHG Emissions caused by the Mass-Tourism Mobility in Coastal Areas. Transportation Research Procedia, v. 27, p.317-324, 2017.
CAVALLARO, F. et al. A tool to support transport decision making in tourist coastal areas. Case Studies on Transport Policy, v. 7, p.540-553, 2019.
CAVALLARO, F. & DIANIN, A. Cross-border public transport as a driver for tourism in the Alps. Transportation Research Procedia, v. 48, p.2446-2461, 2020.
CHEW, J. Transport and tourism in the year 2000. Tourism Management, june, 1987.
CONSELHO MUNICIPAL DA CIDADE DE XAI-XAI - CMCXX. Plano Estratégico do Município da Cidade de Xai-Xai 2009-2019. Xai-Xai, novembro de 2009.
CONSELHO MUNICIPAL DA CIDADE DE XAI-XAI - CMCXX. Plano de Estrutura Urbana do Município da Cidade de Xai-Xai: Diagnóstico Actual. Xai-Xai, abril de 2011.
COSTA, T. F. G. et al. A model to identify airport hubs and their importance to tourism in Brazil. Research in Transportation Economics, v. 26, p.3-11, 2010.
CURRIE, C. & FALCONER, P. Maintaining sustainable island destinations in Scotland: The role of the transport–tourism relationship. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, v. 3, p.162-172, 2014.
DAVENPORT, J & DAVENPORT, J. L. The impact of tourism and personal leisure transport on coastal environments: A review. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 67, p.280-292, 2006.
DICKINSON, J. & ROBBINS, D. Representations of tourism transport problems in a rural destination. Tourism Management, v. 29, p.1110-1121, 2008.
DI GIACOBBE, B. et al. Mountain cycle network as enhancer of sustainable economic post-earthquake development in the central Apennines area. Research in Transportation Business & Management, v. 40, n.100579, p.1-15, 2021.
DIMITRIOS, D. J. et al. Quantification of the air transport industry socio-economic impact on regions heavily depended on tourism. Transportation Research Procedia, v. 25, p.5242-5254, 2017.
DUBOIS, G. et al. The future tourism mobility of the world population: Emission growth versus climate policy. Transportation Research Part A, v. 45, p.1031-1042, 2011.
FLICK, U. Desenho da pesquisa qualitativa. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2009.
GRONAU, W. & KAGERMEIER, A. Key factors for successful leisure and tourism public transport provision. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 15, p.127-135, 2007.
HALL, D. R. Conceptualising tourism transport: inequality and externality issues. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 7, p.181-188, 1999.
HALL, C. M. et al. Tourism, public transport and sustainable mobility. Bristol: Channel View, 2017.
HANNAM, K. et al. Developments and key issues in tourism mobilities. Annals of Tourism Research, v. 44, p.171-185, 2014.
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA - INE. IV Recenseamento Geral da população e Habitação 2017: Resultados Definitivos. Maputo, abril de 2019.
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA - INE. Estatísticas do Turismo 2019 - Moçambique. Maputo, abril de 2020.
KANWAL, S. et al. Road and transport infrastructure development and community support for tourism: The role of perceived benefits, and community satisfaction. Tourism Management, v. 77, p.1-10, 2020.
KHADAROO, J. & SEETANAH, B. Transport infrastructure and tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, v. 34, n. 4, p.1021-1032, 2007.
KHADAROO, J. & SEETANAH, B. The role of transport infrastructure in international tourism development: A gravity model approach. Tourism Management, v. 29, p.831-840, 2008.
KHAN, S. A. R. et al. Travel and tourism competitiveness index: The impact of air transportation, railways transportation, travel and transport services on international inbound and outbound tourism. Journal of Air Transport Management, v. 58, p.125-134, 2017.
KORMOSS, I. B. F. Future developments in North-West European tourism: Impact of transport trends. Tourism Management, v. 10, n. 4, p.301-309, 1989.
LAN, L. W. et al. Exploring an Objective Weighting System for Travel & Tourism Pillars. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, v. 57, p.183-192, 2012.
LOHMANN, G e PANOSSO Neto, A. Teoria do turismo: conceitos, modelos e sistemas. 2ª ed. São Paulo: Aleph, 2012.
ŁAPKO, A. Urban tourism in Szczecin and its impact on the functioning of the urban transport system. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, v. 151, p.207-214, 2014.
ŁAPKO, A. & PANASIUK, A. Water tourism as a recipient of transport services on the example of Szczecin. Transportation Research Procedia, v. 39, p.290-299, 2019.
MARTÍN-CEJAS, R. R. & SÁNCHEZ, P. P. Ecological footprint analysis of road transport related to tourism activity: The case for Lanzarote Island. Tourism Management, v. 31, p.98-103, 2010.
MIOSSEC J. M. Elements pour une theorie de l’éspace touristique. Les Chahiers du Tourisme C-36. CHET, Aix-en-Province: Mintel, 1976.
MIOSSEC J. M. Un modele de l’espace touristique. Espace géographique, tome 6, n.1, p.41-48, 1977.
MOESCH, M. A produção do saber turístico. São Paulo: Contexto, 2000.
NJOYA, E. T. An analysis of the tourism and wider economic impacts of price-reducing reforms in air transport services in Egypt. Research in Transportation Economics, v. 79, p.1-10, 2020.
PAPATHEODOROU, A. A review of research into air transport and tourism: Launching the Annals of Tourism Research Curated Collection on Air Transport and Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, v. 87, p.1-10, 2021.
PEARCE, D. Geografia do turismo: fluxos e regiões no mercado de viagens. SP: Aleph, 2003.
PEARCE, D. Tourist development. New York: Longman Scientific & Technical, 1989.
PEARCE, D. & BUTLER R. Contemporary issues in tourism development. London: Routledge, 1999.
PEETERS, P. & DUBOIS, G. Tourism travel under climate change mitigation constraints. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 18, p.447-457, 2010.
PENTELOW, L. & SCOTT, D. J. Aviation’s inclusion in international climate policy regimes: Implications for the Caribbean tourism industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, v. 17, p.199-205, 2011.
PEQUENO, E. A. et al. Sistema de transporte rodoviário e turismo: uma análise na região turística do Vale dos Grandes Rios -TO. Revista de Turismo Contemporâneo –RTC, v. 4, n. 2, p.331-352, julho/dezembro, 2016.
PLYUSHTEVA, A. & BOUSSAUW, K. Does night-time public transport contribute to inclusive night mobility? Exploring Sofia’s night bus network from a gender perspective. Transport Policy, v. 87, p.41-50, 2020.
ROMAN, M. & ROMAN, M. Bicycle Transport as an Opportunity to Develop Urban Tourism – Warsaw Example. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, v. 151, p.295-301, 2014.
SCHIEFELBUSCH, M et al. Transport and tourism: roadmap to integrated planning developing and assessing integrated travel chains. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 15, p.94-103, 2007.
TURTON, B. J. & MUTAMBIRWA, C. C. Air transport services and the expansion of international tourism in Zimbabwe. Tourism Management, v. 17, n. 6. p.453-462,1996.
VIEIRA, J. et al. Airline choice and tourism growth in the Azores. Journal of Air Transport Management, v. 77, p.1-6, 2019.
WU, C. How aviation deregulation promotes international tourism in Northeast Asia: A case of the charter market in Japan. Journal of Air Transport Management, v. 57, p.260-271, 2016.
WU, C. et al. Changes in cross-strait aviation policies and their impact on tourism flows since 2009. Transport Policy, v. 63, p.61-72, 2018.
YANG, B. et al. Soft-mobility in a winter-dominant city: A case study by comparing Nordic and non-Nordic residents in Umeå. Cities, v. 102, p.1-11, 2020.
YARDE, K. & JONSSON, C. Implications for CARICOM member states in the search for a ‘liberally controlled’ air transport market: The case of regional tourism to Barbados. Journal of Air Transport Management, v. 53, pp. p.12-22, 2016.
ZHANG, A. et al. High-speed rail, tourist mobility, and firm value. Economic Modelling, v. 90, p.108-116, 2020.
ZHENG, W. et al. Navigating through the complex transport system: A heuristic approach for city tourism recommendation. Tourism Management, v. 81, p.1-14, 2020.
Publicado
2025-04-17
Secção
Artigos
