EMERGING INFECTIOUS RNA VIRUSES: is recombination an emergence driver?
Keywords:
Emerging, re-emerging diseases, driving factors, recombination, RNA virusesAbstract
Emerging infectious diseases are a major public health issue and the vast majority are linked to RNA viruses. Factors associated with the emergence of these pathogenic infections are usually generalised for all pathogen types. Consequently, much of the research up to now has failed to acknowledge the impact of viral recombination on the emergence and evolution of RNA viruses. This review describes some of the currently accepted emerging infectious disease drivers and evaluates how significant their associated health issues are with RNA virus recombination. Following an extensive review of the literature, emergence drivers were categorised according to the strength of their linkage with RNA virus adaptation and were also weighed against the role they play in virus transmission. Health issues of pathogen evolution and diversity, and changes in land-use were strongly associated with recombination in RNA viruses, whereas international travel and international trade were intimately linked to the spread of viruses and other pathogens. Recombination within and across virus genomes has been increasingly recognised as a major driver of virus evolution. This study supports the view that pathogen evolution and diversity, along with changes in land use have major roles in emerging infectious RNA viral diseases. The same was not found to be true of international travel and trade which are more responsible for sustaining or spreading an already established infection. Combinations of drivers were not examined but it is likely that some will also impact on viral recombination, although the extent of this may vary according to the specific virus being studied. Future studies should be aimed at addressing this point.
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